16 July 2019, WP: 76 billion opioid pills: Newly released federal data unmasks the epidemic

https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/02/12/opioid-settlement-tax-refund/

Drug companies seek billion-dollar tax deductions from opioid settlement

By Douglas MacMillan and Kevin Schaul

February 12, 2021

Four companies that agreed to pay a combined $26 billion to settle claims about their roles in the opioid crisis plan to deduct some of those costs from their taxes and recoup around $1 billion apiece.

In recent months, as details of the blockbuster settlement were still being worked out, pharmaceutical giant Johnson & Johnson and the "big three" drug distributors -- McKesson, AmerisourceBergen and Cardinal Health -- all updated their financial projections to include large tax benefits stemming from the expected deal, a Washington Post analysis of regulatory filings found.

The Dublin, Ohio-based Cardinal Health said earlier this month it planned to collect [1] a $974 million cash refund because it claimed its opioid-related legal costs as a "net operating loss carryback" -- a tax provision Congress included in last year's coronavirus bailout package as a way to help companies struggling during the pandemic.

The deductions may deepen public anger toward companies that prosecutors say played key roles in a destructive public health crisis that kills tens of thousands [2] of Americans every year. In lawsuits filed by dozens of states and local jurisdictions, public officials have argued that the companies, among other corporate defendants, flooded the country with billions of highly addictive pills and ignored signs they were being steered to people who abused them.

Under the terms of the proposed settlement [3] -- which is being finalized and will ultimately be subject to federal court approval -- the four companies would pay between $5 billion and $8 billion each to reimburse communities for the costs of the health crisis. Plaintiffs who support the proposal say it will resolve a highly complex litigation process and make funds available to communities and individuals still struggling with addiction.

Others including Greg McNeil, whose son became addicted to opioids and died from an overdose, have said $26 billion is only a small fraction of the epidemic's financial toll and argue the proposal doesn't include what many family members of opioid victims want the most: an admission of guilt.

All four firms disavow any wrongdoing or legal responsibility. The companies have said they produced government-approved prescription pills, distributed them to registered pharmacies and took steps to try to prevent their misuse.

U.S. tax laws generally restrict companies from deducting the cost of legal settlements from their taxes, with one major exception: damages paid to victims as restitution for misdeeds. Still, Congress has placed stricter limits on such deductions in recent years, and some tax experts say the Internal Revenue Service could challenge the companies' attempts to deduct opioid settlement costs.

Harry Cullen, a Brooklyn-based activist who has worked to hold drug companies accountable for the epidemic, said it is "incredibly insulting" that companies would try deduct the settlement payments. "As if they are donating it to these people who they harmed in the first place."

Erich Timmerman, a spokesman for Cardinal Health, said in a statement that the company's tax deductions are permissible under federal law. He also pointed to a statement made by chief executive Mike Kaufmann in November, when he said Cardinal takes its role in the pharmaceutical supply chain seriously and remains "committed to being part of the solution to this epidemic."

AmerisourceBergen declined to comment on its taxes but said in a statement the company takes steps to mitigate the diversion of prescription drugs, including by refusing service to customers it sees as a risk and by making daily reports to federal drug officials.

Johnson & Johnson declined to comment on the opioid settlement and tax deductions beyond its regulatory filings. [4] A spokeswoman for McKesson did not respond to multiple requests for comment.

Cardinal Health's use of the "carryback" tax break draws attention to what some see as a shortcoming of the $2 trillion U.S. coronavirus bailout known as the Cares Act. In their haste to funnel cash benefits to businesses facing economic peril, lawmakers made billions of dollars in tax breaks broadly available to any company, regardless of whether it suffered during the pandemic.

Cardinal, a company with a $15 billion market capitalization and $4 billion in available cash, surpassed Wall Street expectations for its most recent earnings period. Last week, CEO Kaufmann told investors a rebound in medical treatments and procedures had revived demand for Cardinal's health devices and drugs. He said the company was boosting its investment in sophisticated supply-chain technology.

On the same day, Cardinal said it was filing for a tax break using the Cares Act provision and expected a nearly $1 billion cash refund from the IRS within the next 12 months. The company plans to pay $6.6 billion in the settlement.

Francine J. Lipman, a tax professor at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas, said Cardinal Health appears to be "getting a bit of a windfall from laws that Congress intended to help companies that are suffering due to a pandemic."

The "carryback" tax break permits any company that lost money in 2018, 2019 or 2020 to apply those losses to previous, more profitable years. Some form of this provision has been permitted by the U.S. tax code for over a century to help businesses that face ups and downs to even out their taxes.

The Cares Act raised the limit on the amount of losses companies can use to offset taxes and permitted them to apply those losses to earlier periods. Because the corporate tax rate was higher before 2018, companies with recent losses can increase tax refunds they received before that year by up to 67 percent.

Cardinal estimated in August it expected to deduct $488 million from the expected opioid legal settlement. But in its Feb. 5 filing, [5] the company said the amount probably would be higher in part because the Cares Act permitted it to carry back losses related to the opioid litigation to previous years when the tax rate was higher.

A group of 120 Democrats in Congress have pushed [6] for restricting the ability of businesses to carry back losses to years with a higher tax rate, arguing that provision has been abused by companies that have seen little or no negative impact from the coronavirus. In a joint statement to the Washington Post on Friday, Rep. Lloyd Doggett (D-Tex.) and Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-R.I.) said measures they have proposed for future pandemic relief bills would prevent companies like Cardinal Health from claiming such large tax refunds.

"Many of the same Americans who were victimized by opioid hucksters are now being asked, as taxpayers, to finance almost $1 billion of the belated settlement for Cardinal Health through a special interest tax provision buried in pandemic relief legislation," Doggett and Whitehouse said in the statement. "Our repeal legislation would deny them at least half of this unjust windfall, which has absolutely nothing to do with the pandemic."

UNLV's Lipman said Cardinal's decision to apply for a tax refund before any legal settlement has been finalized could face scrutiny from the IRS. Deductions must be made against business expenses that are shown to have "economic effect," she said, which may preclude deductions against future, unpaid legal settlements.

Timmerman, Cardinal's spokesman, said the company has already recorded a loss related to the opioid litigation because Cardinal insures itself through a wholly owned insurance subsidiary. The opioid litigation caused a loss to the insurance company's reserve, and that is the loss that Cardinal is deducting, he said.

"Tax and accounting rules applicable to insurance companies, including self-insurance companies, require recognition of loss when an insurance reserve is set, thus establishing economic effect, even if the underlying settlement is not final," Timmerman said.

The three other companies involved in the $26 billion settlement have estimated the tax benefits of the deal but have not filed for tax refunds. They all said the tax benefits could be lower if courts or regulators determined some or all of the payments are not tax-deductible.

McKesson, which expects to pay $8.1 billion in the settlement, said in a Feb. 2 filing [7] that the actual cost of the deal would be $6.7 billion after taxes, implying a $1.4 billion tax benefit. The company also said $497 million in tax benefits were "uncertain" because of the "uncertainty in connection with the deductibility of opioid related litigation and claims."

AmerisourceBergen, which anticipates a $6.6 billion settlement payment, said in November [8] it expects a $1.1 billion tax benefit. The company said an additional $371.5 million tax benefit was possible but "uncertain."

"A settlement has not been reached, and, therefore, we applied significant judgment in estimating the ultimate amount of the opioid litigation settlement that would be deductible," the company said.

Matthew Gardner, a senior fellow at the nonprofit Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, said these disclaimers suggest the companies are making conservative estimates. "That's one way of saying they are likely going to claim even bigger tax benefits in their tax returns than they are showing on their financial statements," he said.

Whether the payments will be deductible may hinge on specific word choices in the final terms of the settlement. Though recent changes to the tax code have attempted to close loopholes that permit companies to deduct taxes when they have committed wrongdoing, many companies now push to make sure their settlements include a "restitution" payment for victims -- the "magic word" that often qualifies them for deductions, Gardner said.

In previous opioid-related settlements local governments reached with McKesson, Purdue Pharma and Teva Pharmaceuticals, the companies admitted no fault and agreed to restitution payments that appeared to qualify them for tax deductions, USA Today reported [9] in 2019.

Johnson & Johnson has said [10] it expects it could deduct as much as 21.4 percent of its $5 billion share of the settlement, which would mean a roughly $1.1 billion tax benefit. However, the company said last summer that the deductible amount may be lower if a regulation proposed by the IRS last year came into effect.

The rule, which did take effect Jan. 20, requires companies to meet a long list of specific criteria to qualify government settlements for tax deductions.

In 2019, The Post analyzed a database [11] maintained by the Drug Enforcement Administration that tracks the path of every pain pill sold in the United States. The database shows that America's largest drug companies distributed 76 billion oxycodone and hydrocodone pain pills across the country between 2006 and 2012 as the nation's deadliest drug epidemic spun out of control.

McKesson, Cardinal Health and AmerisourceBergen distributed 44 percent of the nation's oxycodone and hydrocodone pills -- the two most abused prescription opioid drugs -- during that time.

An investigation by The Post last year [12] found that near the peak of U.S. opioid production, a Johnson & Johnson subsidiary was manufacturing enough oxycodone and hydrocodone to capture half or more of the U.S. market. The company also lobbied for years to help persuade regulators to loosen a narcotics import rule, allowing Johnson & Johnson's U.S. subsidiary to produce rising amounts of opioids out of potent poppies harvested by its Tasmanian subsidiary, The Post found.

Attorneys for Johnson & Johnson have said its opioid-producing subsidiaries did not cause the United States' addiction crisis, that the companies were heavily regulated, and that such companies play only a "peripheral role in the multibillion-dollar market for prescription opioids."

Lenny Bernstein contributed to this report.

[1] https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/cardinal-health-sec-filing/9c4f4e12-ae0f-4fe5-8e3c-8ae276eff44e/

[2] https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html

[3] https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/opioid-settlement-drug-distributors/2020/11/05/6a8da214-1fc7-11eb-b532-05c751cd5dc2_story.html

[4] https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/johnson-johnson-opioid-settlement-tax-deduction/68cf6168-e87d-43d9-a7e7-a4ab6957b3cb/

[5] https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/cardinal-health-sec-filing/9c4f4e12-ae0f-4fe5-8e3c-8ae276eff44e/

[6] https://www.whitehouse.senate.gov/news/release/120-democrats-call-for-repeal-of-gop-tax-giveaway-in-next-covid-relief-package

[7] https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/mckesson-s-opioid-tax-disclosure/0de3d4be-b9df-4768-a1e8-0f91f3342f2b/

[8] https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/amerisourcebergen-sec-filing/9ea88572-bcc1-469e-92c3-a4acf9c4839e/

[9] https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/09/12/pharmaceutical-companies-purdue-pharma-mckesson-teva-eye-tax-deductions-opioid-lawsuit/2215109001/

[10] https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/johnson-johnson-opioid-settlement-tax-deduction/68cf6168-e87d-43d9-a7e7-a4ab6957b3cb/

[11] https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/2019/07/20/opioid-files/

[12] https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/business/opioid-crisis-johnson-and-johnson-tasmania-poppy/