Related:

22 November 2014, NYT: In a Shift, Obama Extends U.S. Role in Afghan Combat

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http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/30/world/asia/more-aggressive-role-by-us-military-is-seen-in-afghanistan.html

APRIL 29, 2015

Taliban Gains Pull U.S. Units Back Into Fight in Afghanistan

By AZAM AHMED and JOSEPH GOLDSTEIN

KABUL, Afghanistan -- Months after President Obama formally declared that the United States' long war against the Taliban was over [1] in Afghanistan, the American military is regularly conducting airstrikes against low-level insurgent forces and sending Special Operations troops directly into harm's way under the guise of "training and advising."

In justifying the continued presence of the American forces in Afghanistan, administration officials have insisted that the troops' role is relegated to counterterrorism, defined as tracking down the remnants of Al Qaeda and other global terrorist groups, and training and advising the Afghan security forces who have assumed the bulk of the fight.

In public, officials have emphasized that the Taliban are not being targeted unless it is for "force protection" -- where the insurgents were immediately threatening American forces.

But interviews with American and Western officials in Kabul and Washington offer a picture of a more aggressive range of military operations against the Taliban in recent months, as the insurgents have continued to make gains against struggling government forces.

Rather than ending the American war in Afghanistan, the military is using its wide latitude to instead transform it into a continuing campaign of airstrikes -- mostly drone missions -- and Special Operations raids that have in practice stretched or broken the parameters publicly described by the White House.

Western and military officials said that American and NATO forces conducted 52 airstrikes in March, months after the official end of the combat mission. Many of these air assaults, which totaled 128 in the first three months of this year, targeted low- to midlevel Taliban commanders in the most remote reaches of Afghanistan.

As early as January, when officials in Washington were hailing the end of the combat mission, about 40 American Special Operations troops were deployed to Kunar Province to advise Afghan forces that were engaged with the Taliban over a handful of villages along the border with Pakistan.

With the troops on the ground, the command for the American-led coalition called in airstrikes under the authority of force protection, according to two Western military officials, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because the details of the operation were not public.

"They are putting guys on the ground in places to justify the airstrikes," one of the officials said. "It's not force protection when they are going on the offensive."

Commenting on the continuing military operations against the Taliban, the top American commander in Afghanistan, Gen. John F. Campbell, vehemently denied accusations that he was putting troops into harm's way just to enable more airstrikes.

He has insisted that it is within his purview to target Taliban insurgents who pose a threat not just to American or NATO troops but to any Afghan security forces. And his options on the ground were clear, he said in an interview, even if Washington's public description of them was not.

"Washington is going to have to say what they say politically for many different audiences, and I have no issue with that," General Campbell said. "I understand my authorities and what I have to do with Afghanistan's forces and my forces. And if that doesn't sell good for a media piece then, again, I can't worry about it."

He added: "Combat and war and transition, as you know, it's a very complex thing. For me, it's not black and white."

The operations are continuing during a troubling stretch for the Afghan security forces, as the Taliban are continuing to make gains. Members of the nation's military and police forces were killed by the insurgents at a high rate last year. And in the first three months of this year, things already appeared worse: The casualty rate rose 54 percent over the same period last year, according to one Western and one Afghan official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because the figures were not public.

The danger was highlighted in recent days in the northern province of Kunduz, where the Afghan Army has been forced to send thousands of reinforcements to beat back a major Taliban offensive. In addition to threatening to claim at least one district, the insurgents have come within a few miles of the provincial capital, officials in Kunduz said. Coalition forces deployed jets to the area in a show of force but no munitions were dropped, officials said.

In that environment, American military officials have been reluctant to let go of the war, arguing that their involvement remains necessary given the Taliban threat and changing regional factors.

But in March, when Mr. Obama and President Ashraf Ghani of Afghanistan publicly announced that they had agreed to slow the withdrawal [2] of American troops, administration officials emphasized that counterterrorism and training were still the focus, not everyday combat missions against the Taliban. The idea of the extended timeline was to bolster the ability of Afghans to fight, officials said, not to directly fight on their behalf.

Now, though, the distance seems to be widening between the administration's public statements and what the military appears to be doing, whether at the behest of the White House or on its own, officials here said.

"What I'm thankful for is that I have the authority and flexibility to make those very tough decisions," General Campbell said. "They could have said, 'Every time you hit a target, you have to get approval.' "

Beyond any discrepancy over mission descriptions, American airstrikes in Afghanistan have a fraught history. A high number of civilian casualties [3] in such strikes created increasing tensions with Afghan officials and the public, and in recent years those missions had been sharply restrained to cut the risk.

Even though American officials argue that drone strikes are controlled and precise, in truth they have been far from trouble free -- a fact highlighted last week when news surfaced that an American drone strike had accidentally killed American and Italian hostages [4] of Al Qaeda in Pakistan.

Still, General Campbell has found strong support from Mr. Ghani, who became the president in September. [5] Many officials characterize their relationship as a strikingly close partnership: General Campbell visits the president nearly every day -- more than any other Western official in the country -- and the commander's staff has been tasked with not only helping to write policy for the Afghan forces but also helping direct overall strategy, at a time when the war is meant to be entirely in the hands of the Afghans.

Mr. Ghani, who has yet to name a minister of defense, has in many ways outsourced much of the running of the war to General Campbell.

Some Western officials have privately expressed discomfort with the American role and questioned how prolonging the American strategy in Afghanistan would be more effective this year than it was in the past 13.

"I'm not surprised they are continuing in this way," said one Western diplomat living in Kabul. "What's surprising is how much of it they're doing."

Many of the strikes described by officials had no discernible basis for force protection or terrorist hunting. One included an attack in Kunar Province that wounded two miners; another in Ghazni killed several "common Taliban fighters," and, at most, one Taliban commander, according to the head of the provincial peace council.

In February, a disaffected ex-Taliban leader was killed in a drone strike [6] in remote Helmand Province. Though the commander, Mullah Abdul Rauf Khadim, had pledged allegiance to the Islamic State, [7] there was no evidence he had been staging or even planning significant operations.

When asked to justify the strike, the American military did not say it was for counterterrorism purposes but rather described it as force protection -- despite there having been no American forces stationed in the area for years.

When asked about that decision, General Campbell responded with a question of his own: "Do you know what was in his mind?" he said of Mullah Khadim.

The military has said that it is authorized to send out Special Forces trainers at the ground level, but that they are not to advance on the target with their Afghan counterparts. In hostile areas, however, those restrictions do not often mean very much.

This month, for example, an American Special Forces soldier was shot in the chest while advising Afghan commandos conducting an operation against the Taliban in restive Logar Province, according to the two Western military officials. The bullet struck the soldier's body armor and he survived, the officials said.

But when confronted with reports of a re-expanded American combat role in Afghanistan, Obama administration officials have vehemently rejected the claims.

One such case came in November when Josh Earnest, the White House press secretary, sought to discredit an article by The New York Times [8] reporting that Mr. Obama had quietly approved an expanded combat authorization for American forces in Afghanistan in 2015.

"The U.S. military will not be engaged in specific operations targeting members of the Taliban just because they're members of the Taliban," Mr. Earnest said at the time. [9] He laid out only two circumstances warranting continued combat operations: protection of American soldiers still stationed in Afghanistan and the counterterrorism mission against Al Qaeda and similar groups.

On Sunday, however, a spokesman at the National Security Council issued a statement that appeared to broaden the circumstances, saying that American forces may provide combat support to Afghan troops "in limited circumstances to prevent detrimental strategic effects to these Afghan security forces."

Reporting was contributed by Fatal Muzhary from Kabul; Khalid Alokozay from Jalalabad, Afghanistan; Farooq Jan Mangal from Khost, Afghanistan; and Naimatullah Karyab from Asadabad, Afghanistan.

[1] http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/26/us/obama-addresses-afghan-wars-end-on-christmas-visit.html

[2] http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2015/03/24/world/asia/24reuters-afghanistan-usa-obama.html

[3] http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/09/world/asia/two-deadly-attacks-in-afghanistan.html

[4] http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/world/asia/2-qaeda-hostages-were-accidentally-killed-in-us-raid-white-house-says.html

[5] http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/30/international-home/ashraf-ghani-sworn-in-as-afghan-president.html

[6] http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/10/world/asia/former-taliban-commander-who-joined-isis-is-said-to-be-killed-in-afghanistan.html

[7] http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/22/world/asia/taliban-fissures-in-afghanistan-are-seen-as-an-opening-for-isis.html

[8] http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/22/us/politics/in-secret-obama-extends-us-role-in-afghan-combat.html

[9] https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/24/press-briefing-press-secretary-josh-earnest